[edX] Terrorism and Counterterrorism / Section 1. What is Terrorism and Who are the Terrorists

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ㅇ Teerorism and Counterterrorism 

ㅇ What is the course about?

 

The course explores difficult questions such as:

• What is terrorism, and what are the components of different definitions?
• What are common causes of terrorism?
• What are common strategies and tactics of terrorism?
• How do terrorist groups respond to technological change?
• What are common weaknesses of terrorist groups? Why do these occur?
• What are the primary terrorism and counterterrorism challenges related to the India-Pakistan confrontation?
• What are the primary terrorism and counterterrorism lessons related to the Israeli-Palestinian confrontation?
• What is the nature of Al-Qaeda, and why has it proven such a difficult adversary?
• What is the relationship between Islam and violence?
• What is the role of intelligence in counterterrorism?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of different counterterrorism instruments?
• How can you fight terrorism in accordance with the rule of law?
• Under what conditions does terrorism "work"?
• How serious a problem is terrorism? In what ways does it manifest? 

ㅇCourse Section Outline

1. What is Terrorism & Who Are The Terrorists? 
2. Strategies, Tactics, and Technology Use 
3. Al-Qaeda 
4. Area Studies: Israel and Palestine 
5. Area Studies: South East Asia 
6. Intelligence and Counterterrorism 
7. Counterterrorism Instruments 

ㅇ Learning Goal

• Recall the working definitions of terrorism and recognize their analytical limits;
• Identify a range of causes of terrorism and, as importantly, understand what commonly cited issues are not usually causes;
• Understand the strategies and tactics of terrorist groups;
• Identify important terrorist groups in the Middle East and South Asia with an understanding of their strengths, weaknesses, and overall effectiveness. These include Palestinian groups, Pakistani groups, and Al-Qaeda;
• Understand the relationship between religion and terrorism; and
• Understand how counterterrorism is constrained in a democratic society and several important legal debates related to counterterrorism.

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ㅇ Section 1. What is terrorism and Who are the Terrorists? 

ㅡ Key Question

• Why is terrorism so difficult to define?
• How have definitions of terrorism changed over time?
• What are the common, core elements of terrorism as a means to build a definition?
• What are the differences and similarities between terrorism and guerrilla warfare?
• What are the core definitional requirements of terrorism?
• Why do people become terrorists?
• What is the process that results in an individual's radicalization and then recruitment?
• How do terrorists justify the violence they commit?
• Why is it so difficult, if not impossible, to develop a common set of reasons for why someone becomes a terrorist?
• What are the roles of various situational and personality factors that shape terrorists? (optional content)

ㅡ Key Terms

•  9/11 Attacks: On September 11, 2001, nineteen members of Al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger jets, killing almost 3,000 people and injuring thousands more. Two of the airliners crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City, causing both buildings to collapse, while a third plane crashed into the Pentagon outside of Washington, D.C. Passengers attempted to retake control of the fourth plane, and it crashed into a field in Pennsylvania.
• 1998 U.S. Embassy Attacks: Al-Qaeda simultaneously attacked two U.S. embassies, one in Kenya and one in Tanzania, using truck bombs, resulting in the deaths of 12 Americans and 212 Africans. These were the first attacks that brought Al-Qaeda to American public attention. 
• 2000 USS Cole Bombing: Al-Qaeda operatives maneuvered an explosive-laden boat near the USS Cole in Aden, Yemen and detonated it in a suicide attack, killing 17 and injuring 39 American sailors.
• Daniel Pearl: Journalist who was kidnapped in Pakistan and beheaded by Al-Qaeda. His execution was recorded on video and broadcast worldwide.
• Displacement of Aggression: Displacement of aggression is thought to occur when a person who is initially provoked cannot retaliate directly against the source of that provocation and, instead, subsequently aggresses against a seemingly innocent target. More succinctly, aggression is aimed not at the individual or element that provoked it, but at some other party.
• Globalization: The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.
• Inhibitory mechanisms: The conscious or unconscious restraint of certain behaviors, either impulses or desires. These mechanisms help people to make socially appropriate choices by inhibiting some instinctual behaviors. 
• Moral Disengagement: A term from social psychology for the process of convincing the self that ethical standards do not apply to oneself in a specific context. The moral standards that apply to the majority do not apply to these individuals.
• Shoe Bomber (Richard Reid): Richard Reid, a British citizen, boarded American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris to Miami planning to commit a suicide bombing. The bomb, which was concealed in his shoe, failed to ignite, and passengers onboard the plane were able to subdue him and prevent the attack.

ㅡ Further Learning

• [BBC] My Brother the Islamist (Broadcast date: 2011)
• [BBC] My Brother the Terrorist (Broadcast date: July 2014)
• [BBC] Generation Jihad (Broadcast date: April 2010)
• [BBC - Podcast] Nigeria Undercover (Broadcast date: July 2014)
• [BBC - Podcast] Assignment: Roubles & Radicals in Dagestan (Broadcast date: November 2011)
• [HBO] Terror in Mumbai (Broadcast date: 2010)
• [PBS - Frontline] Manhunt: Boston Bombers (Broadcast date: May 2013)
• [PBS - Frontline] A Perfect Terrorist (Broadcast date: November 2011)
• [PBS - Frontline] Terror and Tehran (Broadcast date: May 2002)
• [United Nations] The Terrorists Who Came Home (Broadcast date: January 2011)
• Four Lions (Broadcast date: 2010)

• Albert Bandura, "Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement," pp. 161-191 in Walter Reich (ed.). Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologics, States of Mind, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998.
• Alison M. Jaggar, What is Terrorism, Why Is It Wrong, and Could It Ever Be Morally Permissible, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 202-217, in Journal of Social Philosophy.
• Boaz Ganor, Defining Terrorism: Is One Man's Terrorist Another Man's Freedom Fighter (Vol. 3, No. 4 [2002], pp. 287-304), Routledge 2002.
• Jerrold M. Post, "Terrorist Psycho-Logic: Terrorist behavior as a product of psychological choices," pp. 25-40 in Walter Reich (ed.), Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologics, States of Mind, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998.
• Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2nd edition, 2006), pp.1-42 and pp. 229-256. 
• John Mueller, The Atomic Terrorist, CATO Institute.
• Anthony Richards, Conceptualizing Terrorism, pp. 23-65 and pp. 114-126. Available in Parts One, Two, and Three.
• The United States Department of State, Country Reports on Terrorism (Washington, D.C., 2014). p.xvi only [including the footnote].
• Fathali M. Moghaddam, "From the Terrorists' Point of View: What They Experience and Why They Come to Destroy," Praeger International Security, 2006.
• R.F. Paloutzian & C. Park (Eds.), Moghaddam, F.M., Warren, Z., & Love, K., "Religion and the Staircase to Terrorism," 2nd ed., pp. 632-648 (2013) in Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 

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ㅇ What is Terrorism? 

ㅡ Historical Definitions

1789 : French Revolution

1794 : Robespierre holds up list of traitors

Late 1800s : European revolution & Anarchist movement

1914 : Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferinand of Austria

1918  : Chicago Federal building bombing allegedly, carried out by the industrial Workers of the World

1930s : The rise of Nazi Germany & Stalinist Soviet Union

1950s : Terrorism becomes associated with anti-colonialists and nationalists

1960~70s : The rise of radical left wing Marxists & ethno-nationalist separatist groups

1980s : Terrorism once again becomes associated with government 

1990s : Narcoterrorim, individuals are engaging in criminal activities

2000s : 9.11 terror, terrorism's meaning changes. 

 

ㅇ Defining Terrorism : Fundamental Characteristics

 

1) Terrorist's didactic intention or didactic value

ㅡ Use of violence to educate or to rally the masses, generate publicity

ㅡ They hope they can manipulate to extract concessions from the govern, ti intimidate or coerce govern.

ㅡ Use of violence directed against symbolic targets

ㅡ Targets that symbolize for the terrorists. 

ㅡ Their enmity towards a government or their hatred of another people or another rival ethnic group

ㅡ It's not su much the victim that is important as much as, or even the target, as much as the target audience

ㅡ Terrorism is a form of violent communication

ㅡ Heart of Terrorism is the fact that it's directed against innocent civilians

ㅡ Feeling of vicariousness, anyone who happens to be in the wrong place at the wrong time

that's how terrorists seek to spread their fear

ㅡ if you don't agree to what the terrorist want, the violence will continue and more innocent lives will be lost

 

2) 전문가들 마다 각자의 정의가 있었지만, fundamental 4가지가 있었다.

ㅇ Defining Terrorism : Terrorism vs. Guerrilla Warfare (vs. Insurgents)

 

1. guerrillas, insurgents, terrorists all employ the same tactics and use many of the same weapons

They rely on shooting, on bombing, on kidnappings, on barricade and hostage situations.

So all of them use the same tactics and many of them use the same weapons. They are also similar in that terrorists, guerrillas, insurgents typically don't wear any uniform or identified insignia.

 

2. In the sense that guerrillas are usually larger in number than terrorists. They control territory, for example, that they can use to train, to establish camps and bases. Guerrillas are better armed, better trained.

 

3. one of the key distinctions is that they can also engage in force-on-force attacks.

In other words, they can operate almost like military bands or military forces and attack defended targets.

Very rarely do terrorists actually attack defended targets.

 

4. Insurgents, in many respects, are identical to guerrillas. Use the same tactics, control territory, exercise sovereignty over a population. But the key about insurgency is that insurgents are more powerful guerrillas that are able to engage in mass mobilization where they are able to recruit not just a few individuals here and there, not just people in the tens and twenties or even the hundreds, but where they can mobilize and rally thousands or even tens of thousands of people behind them as well as in propaganda and mobilization.

 

Terrorists, because of their small number, because of the fact that they're mostly hiding from the authorities, that they're weak, they don't control territory, they don't exercise any sovereignty, can't do any of the things,

 

게릴라 집단이지만 테러 전술을 쓰기에 테러 그룹으로 분류되는경우도 있다. 따라서 이들을 구분하기는 쉽지 않다.

 

ㅡ 헤즈볼라 시아 집단의 경우에는 명확하게 1983년 테러리스트 집단으로 출발하였다. 시간이 지날수록 그룹이 커져서 게릴라 포스로 변모하였다. 정치적으로 테러집단과 연관된 경우도 있으며, 정치적 무력집단은 여전히 테러 전술을 사용한다.

ㅇ Defining Terrorism : Toward a Working Definition 

 

ㅇ Recruitment and Radicalization : Terrorist Profiles

 

ㅡ born of frustration and grievance, of a sense of dishonor, of religious piety, or of the desire for systematic socioeconomic change.

ㅡ Also terrorists carry out their violence for reasons of nationalism or separatism or out of a commitment or a devotion to revolution. So if there's not one single reason why someone becomes a terrorist,

ㅡ persons who become terrorists are motivated by a profound sense of albeit misguided altruism.

They also feel themselves to be cast on the defensive. Reluctant warriors forced to take up arms against a predatory or aggressive enemy or a rival religious or ethnic sect.

There are also profound feelings of religious devotion that sometimes trigger or sometimes animate or motivate or inspire individuals to pick up violence. But for all these people, there's an underlying conviction that their violence is not only justified, but is also legitimate. In the case of religious terrorists that it's not only justified and legitimate. But in addition, it's divinely commanded. All terrorists in this sense see themselves as altruists.

 

ㅡ

1. They've come from overseas.
2. They've also been home grown.
3. They've been religiously devout.
4. Recent converts.
5. They've been secular.
6. They've been married.
7. They've been unmarried, for example.
8. Young, old, male, and female.
9. What we see is that there really is no one set
10. profile of the modern terrorist in the 21st century.

ㅇ Recruitment and Radicalization : How terrorists view themselves

ㅇ The Psychology of Terrorists : Common Misunderstandings 

 

ㅡ Terrorism is at its basis a psychological phenomenon in the sense that the terrorist is attempting to bring about feelings of terror in an individual or entire populations.